The invertebrate host is the tick " Amblyomma rotondatum ".
2.
The invertebrate hosts belong to the flies of the genus " Simulium ".
3.
Fertilization and sporogony in the invertebrate host.
4.
They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.
5.
Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host.
6.
This supergroup contains the genera with species that replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and have biological cycles that involve transmission by haematophagous dipterans.
7.
In an invertebrate host they are generally found in the intestine, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment in the mammalian host.
8.
The life cycle often consists of the trypomastigote form in the vertebrate host and the trypomastigote or promastigote form in the gut of the invertebrate host.
9.
The species in this genus are entirely parasitic with part of their life cycle spent in a vertebrate host and another in an invertebrate host-usually a mosquito.
10.
In their nymphal stages, " T . indictiva " can easily switch between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, but the reasons that cause the switch is currently unknown.
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